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阅读理解
  阅读理解题要求考生在限定的时间里读懂与其内容相关的阅读材料，既了解主旨和大意，又掌握具体的事实和细节，并能通过逻辑推理，弄通作者的意图、态度，挖掘深层含义。由于阅读理解题在高考试题中所占分值很重，所以考生具备较强的阅读理解能力是考试获得成功的关键。
 【错误类型1】缺乏梳理信息的能力
  分类标准：一篇短文绝大部分篇幅都属于围绕主题开展的细节。不能弄清细节，梳理细节所提供的信息，就不能正确把握短文中心思想。
  解题策略：为了选择正确答案，需要在阅读材料中找到对应的文字或相关的段落。答案可能出自一个词或短语，也可能是一个句子或若干句子。如下文：
   (NMET93"阅读理解" A 篇) On the evening of June 21, 1992, a tall man with brown hair and blue eyes entered the beautiful hall of the Bell Tower Hotel in Xi'an with his bicycle, The hotel workers received him and telephoned the manager, for they had never seen bicycle in the hotel hall before though they lived in "the kingdom of bicycles".
   Robert Friedlander, an American, arrived in Xi'an on his bicycle trip across Asia which started last December in New Delhi, Idea.
   When he was 11, he read the book Marco Polo and made up his mind to visit the Silk Road. Now, after 44 years, he was on the Silk Road in Xi'an and his early dreams were coming true.
Robert Friedlander’s next destinations (目的地) were Lanzhou, Dunhuang, he will complete his trip in Pakistan.
63. Friedlander is visiting the three countries in the following order:
    A. China, India, and Pakistan
    B. India, China, and Pakistan
    C. Pakistan, China, and India
    D. China. Pakistan. and India
   在快速阅读中应该注意捕捉信息，并针对问题答题题干对信息加工、筛选，留下有效信息，从中选出答案。本题正确答案是B。这需要确认语段所涉及的几个有效信息之间的关系，从而调整出Friedlander旅行的正确顺序。
  【错误类型2】缺乏猜测生词的能力
   分类标准：不用字典而通过上下文来认识生词的能力，是每一个考生必须具备的能力。我们在阅读过程中常常碰到没有学过的词，即使已学过的词也往往因上下文不同而变化，这就需要考生尽可能利用这些词所处的语境来猜测词义。
  解题策略：考生要利用上下文意所表达的相关关系及生词所处的语法位置，推测出词类和词义。如下文：
  Shu Pulong has helped at least 1 000 people bitten (咬) by snakes. "It was seeing people with stoke bites (伤口 ) that led me to this career, " he said.
  In 1963, after his army service, Shu entered a medical school and later became a doctor of Chinese medicine. As part of his studies he had to work in the mountains. There he often heard of people who had their arms and legs cut off after a snake bite in order to save their lives.
  Which of the following words can take the place of the word career in the first paragraph (段)?
     A. conclusion        B. story
     C. incident         D. job
文章上下文已传给我们一些有用信息：①已救助了至少1000名被蛇咬伤的人，(早已从事治病救人的工作)。②复员后当了一名医生。这样不难确定画线单词所表达的词义一定会是一种职业。所以正确答案是D。
【错误类型3】缺乏把握作者意图的能力
 分类标准：作者谋篇布局，无论其体裁、内容和行文风格如何不同，表现主题的主旨不会变。不了解作者意图，挖掘不出文章的探层含义。
 解题策略：只要我们注意文章首尾的起伏呼应，无论其叙述过程如何收放纵擒，我们都可以把握文脉，预见归宿。虽然有些章节因表达需要而含露不定，但作者的观点隐含其中。这种把握文章脉络的能力的考查反映在考文章的段落大意或指代关系的题目中。如下文：
     Most animals have little connection with animals of a different kind, unless they hunt them for food. Sometimes, however, two kinds of animals come together in a partnership (伙伴关系) which does good to both of them. You may have noticed some birds sitting on the backs of sheep. This is not because they want a ride, but because they find easy food in the parasites (寄生虫) on sheet. The sheep allow the birds to do so because they remove the cause of discomfort. So although they can manage without each other, they do better together.
     Sometimes an animal has a plant partner. The relationship develops until the two partners cannot manage without each other. This is so in the corals (珊瑚) of the sea. In their skins they have tiny plants which act as “dustman”, taking some of the waste products from the coral and giving in return oxygen which the animal needs to breath. If the plants are killed, or are even prevented from light so that they cannot live normally, the corals will die.
     1. The underlined word "they" in the last sentence of the first paragraph refers to ______.
     A. birds and parasites
     B. birds and sheep
     C. parasites and sheep
     D. sheep, birds and parasites
     2. What does the second paragraph mainly discuss?
     A. Some animals and plants depend on each other for existence.
     B. Some animals and plants depend their relationship easily.
     C. Some plants depend on each other for food.
     D. Some animals live better together.
   第1题四个选项所提到的生物在这一段中均有涉及，考生不能用简单的排除法完成此题，必须要理解句子与句子之间的关系，在理解全段完整意思的基础上，我们知道“they”在这里指羊和鸟各取自食又共同生活(羊给鸟提供食物，鸟帮羊抓寄生虫使它舒服)。正确答案是B。
   第2题正确答案是A。这儿考查段落大意。第二段的第2句是谈段的主题句，它说明动植物之间经常是一种相互依存的关系。而后作者列举珊瑚与依附在它身上的小植物之间的相互依存关系来解释这一中心意思。
  【错误类型4】缺乏推理判断的能力
  分类标准：考生要能够通过作品的字面意思去推断作者的言外之意，推理判断错误会影响对文章主题的理解。
 
解题策略：有些文章，作者没把意图说出来，而是把一个故事娓娓道来，把一个现实场景细细描述，通过语篇的逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的意图，理解文章的深层含义，从而找到“不言自明”的结论和答案。但这些推断一定要以文章所提供的事实为依据，不能凭空想象。如下文：
     Frank Smithson woke up and leaned over to turn off the alarm clock. "Oh no!" he thought to himself. "Another day at that office; a boss who shouts at me all the time. "
     As Frank went downstairs his eyes fell on a large brown envelope by the door. He was overjoyed when he opened it and read the letter inside. "Bigwoods Football Polls(足球赌博公司 )would like to congratulate you. You have won half a million pounds. "
     Frank suddenly came to life. The cigarette (香烟) fell from his lips as he let out a shout that could be heard halfway down the street.
     At 11:30 Frond arrived at work. "Please explain why you're so late," his boss said. "Go and jump in the lake" replied Frank "I've just come into a little money so this is good-by. Find yourself someone else to shout at."
     That evening Frank was smoking a very expensive Havana cigar (雪茄) when a knock was heard on the door. He rushed to the door. Outside were two men, neatly dressed in grey suits. "Mr. Smithson," one of them said, "we're from Bigwoods Pools. I 'm afraid there's been a terrible mistake... "
      1. When he heard the knock at the door, Frond probably thought ______.
      A. some had come to make an apology
      B. someone had come to give him the money
      C. his friends had come to ask about the football pools
      D. his friends had come to congratulate him on his luck
      2. On hearing "there's been a terrible mistake" Frank was most likely to be  _____.
      A. disappointed       B. worried
      C. nervous          D. curious
     推断的内容在文章中都没有明确叙述，但却暗含在文字之中。因此推断时，必需要靠有关的文字部分作为推理的前提和依据。以上两个小题答案在短文里均没有表述，但根据第2，3．4自然段中对Frank的行为活动的描述可以推断出Frank那天晚上急于等待有人把half a million pounds送到家中。所以第l小题正确答案是B。但是当他冲到门口打开门时听到的却是“I’m afraid there’s been a terrible mistake．”，由此可以想象Frank的心情是何等的失望，故第2小题正确答案是A。
    【错误类型5】缺乏领悟文章主旨大意的能力
     分类标准：有一类阅读理解题，要求考生为短文找出最佳标题(title)或中心思想(main idea)等，这是考查领悟文章主旨大意的能力。
解题策略：略读是阅读的第一步。特别是在考场上时间紧，阅读量大的情况下，要获取答案所需要的信息，有时不能按常规逐字逐句地读，而是要一个意群一个意群的扫描，省略大量与所寻信息无关的词句，以求提高答题效率。如下文：
During the summer holidays there will be a revised (修改过的) schedule (时刻表) of services for the students. Changes for dining-room and library service hours and for bus schedules will be posted on the wall outside of the dining-hall. Weekly film and concert schedules, which are being arranged (安排), will be posted each Wednesday outside of the student club.
In the summer holidays, buses going to the town center will leave the main hall every hour on the half hour during the day. The dining-room wi11 serve three meals a day from 7:00 a. m. to7:00p. m during the week and two meals from noon to 7:00 p. m. on weekends. The library will continue its usual hours during the week. But have shorter hours on Saturdays and Sunday. The weekend hours are from noon to 5 p. m. All students who want to use the library borrowing services must have a new summer card. This announcement will also appear in the next week' s student newspaper.
The main purpose of the announcement is to _______.
       A. tell students of important schedule changes
       B. tell students of new bus and library services
      C. show the excellent services for students
      D. ask students to renew their library cards
这是一份通知，目的是向学生表明暑假期间对学生的各项服务设施的更改情况，阅读理解题的意图是检查考生概括语段的能力。选项B和D都是通知中的一项内容，属于文中细节；而C项不切题意，只有A符合这一目的。
五、阅读表达
阅读表达题是2007年山东省高考英语试题增加的新题型。与传统阅读理解试题不同的是，试题在考查考生阅读理解的基础上，增加了对书面表达能力的考查。试题既考查考生的语言输入，也考查语言的输出。5个小题，每个小题都有其独特的考查目的。
【错误类型1】主旨大意概括错误
分类标准：第l小题要求用英语写出文章的题目。对于主旨概括类型的题目，不能准确理解文章大意、细节，把握作者的观点、态度、语气等，就很难归纳出文章内容要点。
解题策略：通过第一遍通读全文，掌握语篇大意和篇章结构，为同答问题作好准备。试题的回答要求字数比较少，所以语言要精辟、简洁，答案要符合标题的要求，能概括出文章大意或作者写作意图。封闭型问题可以在文中直接找到答案或依据；但是对于开放型的题目，考生要结合自己的观点进行回答。
【错误题型2】信息理解错误
分类标准：第2小题是给出一个句子，要求从原文中找出一个句子，意思与此句相同或相近。如果在阅读中不注意上下文的逻辑关系，只把这个句子译成汉语，然后在文中寻找一个同意义的句子，就很难确定答案。
解题策略：做此题除了要分析所给句子的结构、意义，还要解读其实际含义，然后在文章中找对应的句子。这个过程一定要在通读全文的基础上进行，切不可断章取义。
【错误类型3】文意理解错误
分类标准：第3小题是要求用适当的词、短语或句子填空，该题难度较大，不易得分。这既与语篇理解有关，也与自己平日词汇、句型的掌握和积累有关。
解题策略：此题要求对文章的整体理解，通过上下文的推敲，用最简练的几个单词把意思表达出来。出题者往往把一些能上下连贯的句子放到此处，所以要时刻把握作者的思路，不能偏离主题。
【错误类型4】语言表达错误
分类标准：第4小题是开放性试题，要求学生发表自己的见解。如果文章主题掌握不准，会表达错误的观点；如果语法不熟，会出现不规范的英语句子。
解题第略：一定要表达准确无误，语言规范，切忌出现语法和意义表达不清的错误。平日把一些常用句型熟记在心，到时才会得心应手。
【错误类型5】语言表达错误
分类标准：第5小题是翻译题，此题往往是文中的长句、难句，或者关键句，要考生译成规范汉语。对原句理解不准确，译成汉语也很难表达完整，文通字顺。
解题策略：所给句子的句式结构比较复杂，长难句的语法和意义分析是制约考生的主要障碍。对于长难句，可借助语法，对句子进行分析，搞清楚各个部分的关系，从而准确理解整句的意思。这就需要我们平时牢固掌握语法知识，多读，多分析，多朗读背诵长难句，在大脑中形成一定的思维模式和语感。